Journal: Cancer & Metabolism

Article Title: The FGL1-LAG-3 axis attenuates melanoma-induced cachexia in mice

doi: 10.1186/s40170-025-00418-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fgl1 upregulation in WAT and liver in mice models of cancer cachexia. ( A ) Interventional design for B16F10 cachexia mouse model studies. ( B ) Tumor weight of B16F10 mice on day 18 after cell injection ( n = 3 per group). ( C ) Tumor-free body weight of PBS and B16F10 injected mice on day 18 ( n = 3 per group). ( D , E ) RNA-seq design and analysis ( n = 3 per group). ( F ) KEGG pathway analysis of RNA-seq data ( n = 3 per group). ( G ) mRNA expression of Fgl1 in eWAT. The expression of each gene was normalized to actin. ( n = 3 per group). ( H ) Protein expression of Fgl1 in eWAT. ( n = 3 per group). ( I ) Gene expression of FGL1 in the spleen, muscle, kidney, lung, liver, stomach, and intestine from the mice ( n = 3 per group). All values are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). P values were determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test, with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 indicating different levels of statistical significance compared to control. ns, not significant

Article Snippet: The B16F10 cell line was maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Sangon Biotech, E600003) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Sangon Biotech, E600052) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (P/S, Sangon Biotech, E607011).

Techniques: Injection, RNA Sequencing, Expressing, Gene Expression, Two Tailed Test, Control

Journal: Cancer & Metabolism

Article Title: The FGL1-LAG-3 axis attenuates melanoma-induced cachexia in mice

doi: 10.1186/s40170-025-00418-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Early treatment with FGL1 was effective in promoting tumor growth, while intermediate and late-stage treatment exhibited little effect. ( A ) Experimental design of FGL1 treatment time point. ( B ) FGL1-fc injection on day 7 promotes B16F10 growth ( n = 5 per group). ( C ) FGL1-Fc injection on day 14 does not impact B16F10 growth ( n = 5 per group). All values are presented as mean ± SEM. P values were determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 indicating different levels of statistical significance compared to control. ns, not significant

Article Snippet: The B16F10 cell line was maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Sangon Biotech, E600003) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Sangon Biotech, E600052) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (P/S, Sangon Biotech, E607011).

Techniques: Injection, Control

Journal: Cancer & Metabolism

Article Title: The FGL1-LAG-3 axis attenuates melanoma-induced cachexia in mice

doi: 10.1186/s40170-025-00418-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: FGL1-fc treatment counteracts cancer cachexia by alleviating body weight loss and WAT and muscle wasting. ( A ) Study design for the FGL1-fc treatment. ( B ) Tumor-free body weight% change of B16F10 tumor-bearing mice treated with vehicle and FGL1-fc ( n = 5 per group). ( C ) Measurement of the food intake (the food intake of mice is calculated as the average of a cage of 5 mice). ( D ) Fat percentage of mice ( n = 5 per group). ( E ) Lean mass percentage of mice ( n = 5 per group). ( F – I ) Representative anatomical image, weight, hematoxylin and eosin ( H & E ) staining and adipocyte size of eWAT ( n = 5 per group). ( J – M ) Representative anatomical image, weight, H&E staining and cross-section area of gastrocnemius muscles ( n = 5 per group). All values are presented as mean ± SEM. P values were determined by one-way ANOVA, with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 indicating different levels of statistical significance compared with control. ns, not significant

Article Snippet: The B16F10 cell line was maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Sangon Biotech, E600003) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Sangon Biotech, E600052) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (P/S, Sangon Biotech, E607011).

Techniques: Staining, Muscles, Control

Journal: Cancer & Metabolism

Article Title: The FGL1-LAG-3 axis attenuates melanoma-induced cachexia in mice

doi: 10.1186/s40170-025-00418-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: FGL1-fc reverses lipid and muscle metabolism alterations in B16F10 cachectic mice. ( A ) Three pathways of fatty acid metabolism. ( B ) FGL1-fc counteracts a decline in the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes FAS and SCD1 ( n = 5 per group). ( C ) Both B16F10 tumor and FGL1-fc do not impact the gene expression of lipolysis ( n = 5 per group). ( D ) FGL1-fc does not counteract the decrease in the expression of fatty acid storage gene DGAT2 ( n = 5 per group). ( E ) Levels of HSL or p-HSL in eWAT ( n = 4 or 5 per group). ( F , G ) Circulating esterified Free Fatty Acids (NEFA) and glycerol level ( n = 5 per group). ( H – J ) Skeletal muscle expression of atrophy-associated genes, Mustn1 and IGF1, is protected by FGL1-fc ( n = 5 per group). All values are presented as mean ± SEM. P values were determined by one-way ANOVA, with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 indicating different levels of statistical significance compared with control. ns, not significant

Article Snippet: The B16F10 cell line was maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Sangon Biotech, E600003) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Sangon Biotech, E600052) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (P/S, Sangon Biotech, E607011).

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression, Control

Journal: Cancer & Metabolism

Article Title: The FGL1-LAG-3 axis attenuates melanoma-induced cachexia in mice

doi: 10.1186/s40170-025-00418-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-cachectic effect of FGL1 via LAG-3. ( A ) Experimental design of LAG-3 antibody studies. ( B ) Intermediate and late-stage treatment with LAG3 block antibody or FGL1-fc had no effect on B16F10 tumor growth ( n = 5 per group). ( C – E ) Representative body weight, eWAT weight, and gastrocnemius muscles weight following FGL-fc or FGL1-fc + anti-LAG-3 antibody treatment ( n = 5 per group). All values are presented as mean ± SEM. P values were determined by one-way ANOVA, with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 indicating different levels of statistical significance compared to control. ns, not significant

Article Snippet: The B16F10 cell line was maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Sangon Biotech, E600003) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Sangon Biotech, E600052) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (P/S, Sangon Biotech, E607011).

Techniques: Blocking Assay, Muscles, Control

Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: NHC-gold compounds mediate immune suppression through induction of AHR-TGFβ1 signalling in vitro and in scurfy mice

doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0716-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Heatmap of CYPs expression changes upon MC3 treatment for 1 h and 24 h from DNA microarray data (values are log of fold expression change versus DMF treatment). Expression profile of all members of the CYP 450 family and genes related to AHR-NRF2 signaling pathway. b Expression of CYPs and AHR-NRF2 related genes after MC3 treatment analyzed by RT-qPCR ( n ≥ 6). c AHR antagonist resveratrol (Res) significantly represses CYP1A1 expression in HepG2 cells treated with MC3 1 µ m or TCDD 10 n m for 1 h. Data were normalized to the TCDD-induced CYP1A1 expression ( n = 9). d Comparison of CYP1A1 expression in HepG2 AHR KD and CRISPR/CAS control cells, indicated as Ctrl. ( n = 9). e Comparison of CYP1A1 and AHR expression in HepG2 control and AHR KD cells treated with TCDD 10 n m or MC3 1 µ m for 24 h. One-way ANOVA t test was performed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001;. lower and upper ends of the bars indicate the minimum and maximum values, respectively, and the centre represents the median. Error bars ± SD. The source data for 1 b – d are provided as Supplementary Data .

Article Snippet: The basic technical specifications of this system have been described previously and are outlined in Supplementary Fig. . We used hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 as a metabolite generator, which expresses the majority of human cytochromes P450 (CYPs) and is widely used in various microfluidic systems , , , .

Techniques: Expressing, Microarray, Quantitative RT-PCR, Comparison, CRISPR, Control

Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: NHC-gold compounds mediate immune suppression through induction of AHR-TGFβ1 signalling in vitro and in scurfy mice

doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0716-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Functional annotation analysis of DNA microarray data of RNA collected from HepG2 cells treated with 1 µ m MC3 for 1 h and 24 h. b – e Inhibitory effect on primary CD4 + T-cell activation. Resting CD4 + T cells were left untreated or incubated overnight with 0.5 µ m MC3, 0.5 µ m auranofin or 10 n m TCDD. Cells were then activated through CD3-CD28 stimulation and assayed for: b ACTIN remodelling (formation of ACTIN rings) with the schematic representation of the treatment (Scale bar: 10 µ m ); c CD25 expression; d IL-2 production or e CD38 expression. For b , n = 3 donors, for c – e , n = 5 donors. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA or Friedman test. An appropriate transformation (Logit) was employed to restore normality when appropriate. One-way ANOVA t test was performed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; lower and upper ends of the bars indicate the minimum and maximum values, respectively, and the centre represents the median. Error bars ± SD. The source data for 2 c – e are provided as Supplementary Data .

Article Snippet: The basic technical specifications of this system have been described previously and are outlined in Supplementary Fig. . We used hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 as a metabolite generator, which expresses the majority of human cytochromes P450 (CYPs) and is widely used in various microfluidic systems , , , .

Techniques: Functional Assay, Microarray, Activation Assay, Incubation, Expressing, Transformation Assay